EIP-2935: Serve historical block hashes from state

Store and serve last 8192 block hashes as storage slots of a system contract to allow for stateless execution

Abstract

Store last HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW historical block hashes in the storage of a system contract as part of the block processing logic. Furthermore this EIP has no impact on BLOCKHASH resolution mechanism (and hence its range/costs etc).

Motivation

EVM implicitly assumes the client has the recent block (hashes) at hand. This assumption is not future-proof given the prospect of stateless clients. Including the block hashes in the state will allow bundling these hashes in the witness provided to a stateless client. This is already possible in the MPT and will become more efficient post-Verkle.

Extending the range of blocks which BLOCKHASH can serve (BLOCKHASH_SERVE_WINDOW) would have been a semantics change. Using extending that via this contract storage would allow a soft-transition. Rollups can benefit from the longer history window through directly querying this contract.

A side benefit of this approach could be that it allows building/validating proofs related to last HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW ancestors directly against the current state.

Specification

This EIP specifies for storing last HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW block hashes in a ring buffer storage of HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW length. Note that HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW > BLOCKHASH_SERVE_WINDOW (which remains unchanged).

Block processing

At the start of processing any block where block.timestamp >= FORK_TIMESTAMP (ie. before processing any transactions), call to HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS as SYSTEM_ADDRESS with the 32-byte input of block.parent.hash, a gas limit of 30_000_000, and 0 value. This will trigger the set() routine of the history contract. This is a system operation following the same convention as EIP-4788 and therefore:

• the call must execute to completion
• the call does not count against the block’s gas limit
• the call does not follow the EIP-1559 burn semantics - no value should be transferred as part of the call
• if no code exists at HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, the call must fail silently

Note: Alternatively clients can choose to directly write to the storage of the contract but EVM calling the contract remains preferred. Refer to the rationale for more info.

Note that, it will take HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW blocks after FORK_TIMESTAMP to completely fill up the ring buffer. The contract will only contain the parent hash of the fork block and no hashes prior to that.

EVM Changes

The BLOCKHASH opcode semantics remains the same as before.

Block hash history contract

The history contract has two operations: get and set. The set operation is invoked only when the caller is equal to the SYSTEM_ADDRESS as per EIP-4788. Otherwise the get operation is performed.

get

It is used from the EVM for looking up block hashes.

• Callers provide the block number they are querying in a big-endian encoding.
• If calldata is bigger than 2^64-1, revert.
• For any output outside the range of [block.number-HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW, block.number-1] return 0.

set

• Caller provides block.parent.hash as calldata to the contract.
• Set the storage value at block.number-1 % HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW to be calldata[0:32].

Bytecode

Exact evm assembly that can be used for the history contract:

// if system call then jump to the set operation
caller
push20 0xfffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe
eq
push1 0x57
jumpi

// check if input > 8 byte value and revert if this isn't the case
// the check is performed by comparing the biggest 8 byte number with
// the call data, which is a right-padded 32 byte number.
push8 0xffffffffffffffff
push0
calldataload
gt
push1 0x53
jumpi

// check if input > blocknumber-1 then return 0
push1 0x1
number
sub
push0
calldataload
gt
push1 0x4b
jumpi

// check if blocknumber > input + 8192 then return 0, no overflow expected for input of < max 8 byte value
push0
calldataload
push2 0x2000
add
number
gt
push1 0x4b
jumpi

// mod 8192 and sload
push2 0x1fff
push0
calldataload
and
sload

// load into mem and return 32 bytes
push0
mstore
push1 0x20
push0
return

// 0x4b: return 0
jumpdest
push0
push0
mstore
push1 0x20
push0
return

// 0x53: revert
jumpdest
push0
push0
revert

// 0x57: set op - sstore the input to number-1 mod 8192
jumpdest
push0
calldataload
push2 0x1fff
push1 0x1
number
sub
and
sstore

stop

Corresponding bytecode: 0x3373fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe1460575767ffffffffffffffff5f3511605357600143035f3511604b575f35612000014311604b57611fff5f3516545f5260205ff35b5f5f5260205ff35b5f5ffd5b5f35611fff60014303165500

Deployment

A special synthetic address is generated by working backwards from the desired deployment transaction:

{
  "type": "0x0",
  "nonce": "0x0",
  "to": null,
  "gas": "0x3d090",
  "gasPrice": "0xe8d4a51000",
  "maxPriorityFeePerGas": null,
  "maxFeePerGas": null,
  "value": "0x0",
  "input": "0x60648060095f395ff33373fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffe1460575767ffffffffffffffff5f3511605357600143035f3511604b575f35612000014311604b57611fff5f3516545f5260205ff35b5f5f5260205ff35b5f5ffd5b5f35611fff60014303165500",
  "v": "0x1b",
  "r": "0x539",
  "s": "0x1b9b6eb1f0",
  "hash": "0x3c769a03d6e2212f1d26ab59ba797dce0900df29ffd23c1dd391fd6b217973ad",
}

Note, the input in the transaction has a simple constructor prefixing the desired runtime code.

The sender of the transaction can be calculated as 0xe473f7e92ba2490e9fcbbe8bb9c3be3adbb74efc. The address of the first contract deployed from the account is rlp([sender, 0]) which equals 0x0aae40965e6800cd9b1f4b05ff21581047e3f91e. This is how HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS is determined. Although this style of contract creation is not tied to any specific initcode like create2 is, the synthetic address is cryptographically bound to the input data of the transaction (e.g. the initcode).

Some activation scenarios:

• For the fork to be activated at genesis, no history is written to the genesis state, and at the start of block 1, genesis hash will be written as a normal operation to slot 0.
• for activation at block 1, only genesis hash will be written at slot 0.
• for activation at block 32, block 31’s hash will be written to slot 31. Every other slot will be 0.

EIP-161 handling

The bytecode above will be deployed à la EIP-4788. As such the account at HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS will have code and a nonce of 1, and will be exempt from EIP-161 cleanup.

Gas costs

The system update at the beginning of the block, i.e. process_block_hash_history (or via system call to the contract with SYSTEM_ADDRESS caller), will not warm the HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS account or its storage slots as per EIP-2929 rules. As such the first call to the contract will pay for warming up the account and storage slots it accesses.To clarify further any contract call to the HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS will follow normal EVM execution semantics.

Since BLOCKHASH semantics doesn’t change, this EIP has no impact on BLOCKHASH mechanism and costs.

Rationale

Very similar ideas were proposed before. This EIP is a simplification, removing two sources of needless complexity:

1. Having a tree-like structure with multiple layers as opposed to a single list
2. Writing the EIP in EVM code
3. Serial unbounded storage of hashes for a deep access to the history

However after weighing pros and cons, we decided to go with just a limited ring buffer to only serve the requisite HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW as EIP-4788 and beacon state accumulators allow (albeit a bit more complex) proof against any ancestor since merge.

Second concern was how to best transition the BLOCKHASH resolution logic post fork by:

1. Either waiting for HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW blocks for the entire relevant history to persist
2. Storing of all last HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW block hashes on the fork block.

We choose to go with the former. It simplifies the logic greatly. It will take roughly a day to bootstrap the contract. Given that this is a new way of accessing history and no contract depends on it, it is deemed a favorable tradeoff.

Inserting the parent block hash

Clients have generally two options for inserting the parent block hash into state:

1. Performing a system call to HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS and letting that handle the storing in state.
2. Avoid EVM processing and directly write to the state trie.

The latter option is as follows:

def process_block_hash_history(block: Block, state: State):
    if block.timestamp >= FORK_TIMESTAMP:
        state.insert_slot(HISTORY_STORAGE_ADDRESS, (block.number-1) % HISTORY_SERVE_WINDOW , block.parent.hash)

The first option is recommended until the Verkle fork, to stay consistent with EIP-4788 and to issues for misconfigured networks where this EIP is activated but history contract hasn’t been deployed. The recommendation may be reconsidered at the Verkle fork if filtering the system contract code chunks is deemed too complex.

Backwards Compatibility

This EIP introduces backwards incompatible changes to the block validation rule set. But neither of these changes break anything related to current user activity and experience.

Test Cases

TBD

Security Considerations

Having contracts (system or otherwise) with hot update paths (branches) poses a risk of “branch” poisioning attacks where attacker could sprinkle trivial amounts of eth around these hot paths (branches). But it has been deemed that cost of attack would escalate significantly to cause any meaningful slow down of state root updates.

Copyright

Copyright and related rights waived via CC0.

Citation

Please cite this document as:

Vitalik Buterin (@vbuterin), Tomasz Stanczak (@tkstanczak), Guillaume Ballet (@gballet), Gajinder Singh (@g11tech), Tanishq Jasoria (@tanishqjasoria), Ignacio Hagopian (@jsign), Jochem Brouwer (@jochem-brouwer), Sina Mahmoodi (@s1na), "EIP-2935: Serve historical block hashes from state [DRAFT]," Ethereum Improvement Proposals, no. 2935, September 2020. [Online serial]. Available: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-2935.