⚠️ Draft Standards Track: ERC

ERC-7673: Distinguishable base256emoji Addresses

Depict Account Addresses As A String of Emoji

Authors	William Morriss (@wjmelements)
Created	2024-04-01
Discussion Link	https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/erc-7673-distinguishable-account-addresses/19461

Abstract
Motivation
Specification
- base256emoji encoding table
Rationale
Backwards Compatibility
Test Cases
Reference Implementation
Security Considerations
Copyright

Abstract

Introduce base256emoji for use as the primary input and display for account addresses in all user interfaces.

Motivation

Human users often fail to distinguish between long strings of hexadecimal characters, especially when they match at the beginning and at the end. This makes hexadecimal strings a poor format for human-readable account addresses. The problem is being exploited by several spoofing strategies that mine similar addresses and spoof ERC-20 Transfer events with the goal of tricking the end user into copying the wrong recipient address. These address spoofing attacks have mislead tens of thousands of ether, and countless other tokens. Spoofers flooding the network with fake Transfer events waste network resources and complicate blockchain accounting. Improving the distinguishability of addresses will reduce the incentives for this behavior.

Specification

The key words “MUST”, “MUST NOT”, “REQUIRED”, “SHALL”, “SHALL NOT”, “SHOULD”, “SHOULD NOT”, “RECOMMENDED”, “NOT RECOMMENDED”, “MAY”, and “OPTIONAL” in this document are to be interpreted as described in RFC 2119 and RFC 8174.

User interfaces:

SHALL depict account addresses as a base256emoji string instead of hexadecimal.
SHALL accept base256emoji strings as input for user-supplied account address parameters.
SHOULD recognize and interpret strings of exactly 20 consecutive emoji as addresses when all of them are valid base256emoji.

base256emoji encoding table

Emoji	Unicode codepoint	Byte Value
🚀	U+1F680	0
🪐	U+1FA90	1
☄	U+2604	2
🛰	U+1F6F0	3
🌌	U+1F30C	4
🌑	U+1F311	5
🌒	U+1F312	6
🌓	U+1F313	7
🌔	U+1F314	8
🌕	U+1F315	9
🌖	U+1F316	10
🌗	U+1F317	11
🌘	U+1F318	12
🌍	U+1F30D	13
🌏	U+1F30F	14
🌎	U+1F30E	15
🐉	U+1F409	16
☀	U+2600	17
💻	U+1F4BB	18
🖥	U+1F5A5	19
💾	U+1F4BE	20
💿	U+1F4BF	21
😂	U+1F602	22
❤	U+2764	23
😍	U+1F60D	24
🤣	U+1F923	25
😊	U+1F60A	26
🙏	U+1F64F	27
💕	U+1F495	28
😭	U+1F62D	29
😘	U+1F618	30
👍	U+1F44D	31
😅	U+1F605	32
👏	U+1F44F	33
😁	U+1F601	34
🔥	U+1F525	35
🥰	U+1F970	36
💔	U+1F494	37
💖	U+1F496	38
💙	U+1F499	39
😢	U+1F622	40
🤔	U+1F914	41
😆	U+1F606	42
🙄	U+1F644	43
💪	U+1F4AA	44
😉	U+1F609	45
☺	U+263A	46
👌	U+1F44C	47
🤗	U+1F917	48
💜	U+1F49C	49
😔	U+1F614	50
😎	U+1F60E	51
😇	U+1F607	52
🌹	U+1F339	53
🤦	U+1F926	54
🎉	U+1F389	55
💞	U+1F49E	56
✌	U+270C	57
✨	U+2728	58
🤷	U+1F937	59
😱	U+1F631	60
😌	U+1F60C	61
🌸	U+1F338	62
🙌	U+1F64C	63
😋	U+1F60B	64
💗	U+1F497	65
💚	U+1F49A	66
😏	U+1F60F	67
💛	U+1F49B	68
🙂	U+1F642	69
💓	U+1F493	70
🤩	U+1F929	71
😄	U+1F604	72
😀	U+1F600	73
🖤	U+1F5A4	74
😃	U+1F603	75
💯	U+1F4AF	76
🙈	U+1F648	77
👇	U+1F447	78
🎶	U+1F3B6	79
😒	U+1F612	80
🤭	U+1F92D	81
❣	U+2763	82
😜	U+1F61C	83
💋	U+1F48B	84
👀	U+1F440	85
😪	U+1F62A	86
😑	U+1F611	87
💥	U+1F4A5	88
🙋	U+1F64B	89
😞	U+1F61E	90
😩	U+1F629	91
😡	U+1F621	92
🤪	U+1F92A	93
👊	U+1F44A	94
🥳	U+1F973	95
😥	U+1F625	96
🤤	U+1F924	97
👉	U+1F449	98
💃	U+1F483	99
😳	U+1F633	100
✋	U+270B	101
😚	U+1F61A	102
😝	U+1F61D	103
😴	U+1F634	104
🌟	U+1F31F	105
😬	U+1F62C	106
🙃	U+1F643	107
🍀	U+1F340	108
🌷	U+1F337	109
😻	U+1F63B	110
😓	U+1F613	111
⭐	U+2B50	112
✅	U+2705	113
🥺	U+1F97A	114
🌈	U+1F308	115
😈	U+1F608	116
🤘	U+1F918	117
💦	U+1F4A6	118
✔	U+2714	119
😣	U+1F623	120
🏃	U+1F3C3	121
💐	U+1F490	122
☹	U+2639	123
🎊	U+1F38A	124
💘	U+1F498	125
😠	U+1F620	126
☝	U+261D	127
😕	U+1F615	128
🌺	U+1F33A	129
🎂	U+1F382	130
🌻	U+1F33B	131
😐	U+1F610	132
🖕	U+1F595	133
💝	U+1F49D	134
🙊	U+1F64A	135
😹	U+1F639	136
🗣	U+1F5E3	137
💫	U+1F4AB	138
💀	U+1F480	139
👑	U+1F451	140
🎵	U+1F3B5	141
🤞	U+1F91E	142
😛	U+1F61B	143
🔴	U+1F534	144
😤	U+1F624	145
🌼	U+1F33C	146
😫	U+1F62B	147
⚽	U+26BD	148
🤙	U+1F919	149
☕	U+2615	150
🏆	U+1F3C6	151
🤫	U+1F92B	152
👈	U+1F448	153
😮	U+1F62E	154
🙆	U+1F646	155
🍻	U+1F37B	156
🍃	U+1F343	157
🐶	U+1F436	158
💁	U+1F481	159
😲	U+1F632	160
🌿	U+1F33F	161
🧡	U+1F9E1	162
🎁	U+1F381	163
⚡	U+26A1	164
🌞	U+1F31E	165
🎈	U+1F388	166
❌	U+274C	167
✊	U+270A	168
👋	U+1F44B	169
😰	U+1F630	170
🤨	U+1F928	171
😶	U+1F636	172
🤝	U+1F91D	173
🚶	U+1F6B6	174
💰	U+1F4B0	175
🍓	U+1F353	176
💢	U+1F4A2	177
🤟	U+1F91F	178
🙁	U+1F641	179
🚨	U+1F6A8	180
💨	U+1F4A8	181
🤬	U+1F92C	182
✈	U+2708	183
🎀	U+1F380	184
🍺	U+1F37A	185
🤓	U+1F913	186
😙	U+1F619	187
💟	U+1F49F	188
🌱	U+1F331	189
😖	U+1F616	190
👶	U+1F476	191
🥴	U+1F974	192
▶	U+25B6	193
➡	U+27A1	194
❓	U+2753	195
💎	U+1F48E	196
💸	U+1F4B8	197
⬇	U+2B07	198
😨	U+1F628	199
🌚	U+1F31A	200
🦋	U+1F98B	201
😷	U+1F637	202
🕺	U+1F57A	203
⚠	U+26A0	204
🙅	U+1F645	205
😟	U+1F61F	206
😵	U+1F635	207
👎	U+1F44E	208
🤲	U+1F932	209
🤠	U+1F920	210
🤧	U+1F927	211
📌	U+1F4CC	212
🔵	U+1F535	213
💅	U+1F485	214
🧐	U+1F9D0	215
🐾	U+1F43E	216
🍒	U+1F352	217
😗	U+1F617	218
🤑	U+1F911	219
🌊	U+1F30A	220
🤯	U+1F92F	221
🐷	U+1F437	222
☎	U+260E	223
💧	U+1F4A7	224
😯	U+1F62F	225
💆	U+1F486	226
👆	U+1F446	227
🎤	U+1F3A4	228
🙇	U+1F647	229
🍑	U+1F351	230
❄	U+2744	231
🌴	U+1F334	232
💣	U+1F4A3	233
🐸	U+1F438	234
💌	U+1F48C	235
📍	U+1F4CD	236
🥀	U+1F940	237
🤢	U+1F922	238
👅	U+1F445	239
💡	U+1F4A1	240
💩	U+1F4A9	241
👐	U+1F450	242
📸	U+1F4F8	243
👻	U+1F47B	244
🤐	U+1F910	245
🤮	U+1F92E	246
🎼	U+1F3BC	247
🥵	U+1F975	248
🚩	U+1F6A9	249
🍎	U+1F34E	250
🍊	U+1F34A	251
👼	U+1F47C	252
💍	U+1F48D	253
📣	U+1F4E3	254
🥂	U+1F942	255

Rationale

Previous attempts to reduce spoofing and other copy errors such as ERC-55 have not reduced the number of characters in an address. Any base-256 standard would achieve this goal but emoji were chosen to maximize human-distinguishability. Multiple base-256 emoji encodings have been proposed. The base256emoji encoding was chosen due to its acceptance into the multibase repository.

This standard does not also recommend base256emoji for use in depicting other bytestrings such as transaction hashes and calldata. Transaction hashes are not yet being spoofed. Calldata is best decoded via the appropriate ABI. By only using base256emoji for addresses, addresses can be easily noticed among other information.

Backwards Compatibility

Using the encoding table, the base256emoji encoding can be transcoded into hexadecimal and vice-versa.

Test Cases

| base256emoji | ERC-55 | |:-:|:-:| |🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀😀💓🥴💣👻🙌🙈🤢😥☹🌏💩🍎💕|0x0000000000004946c0e9F43F4Dee607b0eF1fA1c| |🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀🚀💸🎊💡🌿🚩🔥📌🙂💙❄🛰💩🤝⭐|0x000000000000c57CF0A1f923d44527e703F1ad70| |☀☀☀☀☀❤🌊🌖❌💀✔🌎🎈❌💞🛰💗😅❓☄|0x111111111117dC0aa78b770fA6A738034120C302| |👍🤫😋✊🤪😞🤐👶😭❤👉🚩💔🌱🤝🌊💚🪐🚩😐|0x1f9840a85d5aF5bf1D1762F925BDADdC4201F984| |😆🌎✅✨👋😜💛☺😶👋🐸🤩🌔🙌✋🤤⭐🍑☹⚡|0x2a0f713aA953442EacA9EA47083f656170e67BA4| |🔥🤬🌔😝😞🙄👌💢🗣🌍✨😙🐾😡😑🤘💸😂😤🔵|0x23B608675a2B2fB1890d3ABBd85c5775c51691d5| |🗣😅😞✨🤷😆🌟🐷🌷👶☝🪐🥀🖥🤟🐉💀💪😏❄|0x89205A3A3b2A69De6Dbf7f01ED13B2108B2c43e7| |🥴😆😰✌🤟🔥📣🎵🌖🌏😡🎶💙🐸🍒🌔😱🤘🍀➡|0xC02aaA39b223FE8D0A0e5C4F27eAD9083C756Cc2| |▶🌻😥👏💘😛💐💨❄💸😂😪😝🤤🐸💻😟☝🍃🥺|0xC18360217D8F7Ab5e7c516566761Ea12Ce7F9D72|

Reference Implementation

to_emoji = [
    '🚀', '🪐', '☄', '🛰', '🌌', '🌑', '🌒', '🌓', '🌔', '🌕', '🌖', '🌗', '🌘', '🌍', '🌏', '🌎',
    '🐉', '☀', '💻', '🖥', '💾', '💿', '😂', '❤', '😍', '🤣', '😊', '🙏', '💕', '😭', '😘', '👍',
    '😅', '👏', '😁', '🔥', '🥰', '💔', '💖', '💙', '😢', '🤔', '😆', '🙄', '💪', '😉', '☺', '👌',
    '🤗', '💜', '😔', '😎', '😇', '🌹', '🤦', '🎉', '💞', '✌', '✨', '🤷', '😱', '😌', '🌸', '🙌',
    '😋', '💗', '💚', '😏', '💛', '🙂', '💓', '🤩', '😄', '😀', '🖤', '😃', '💯', '🙈', '👇', '🎶',
    '😒', '🤭', '❣', '😜', '💋', '👀', '😪', '😑', '💥', '🙋', '😞', '😩', '😡', '🤪', '👊', '🥳',
    '😥', '🤤', '👉', '💃', '😳', '✋', '😚', '😝', '😴', '🌟', '😬', '🙃', '🍀', '🌷', '😻', '😓',
    '⭐', '✅', '🥺', '🌈', '😈', '🤘', '💦', '✔', '😣', '🏃', '💐', '☹', '🎊', '💘', '😠', '☝',
    '😕', '🌺', '🎂', '🌻', '😐', '🖕', '💝', '🙊', '😹', '🗣', '💫', '💀', '👑', '🎵', '🤞', '😛',
    '🔴', '😤', '🌼', '😫', '⚽', '🤙', '☕', '🏆', '🤫', '👈', '😮', '🙆', '🍻', '🍃', '🐶', '💁',
    '😲', '🌿', '🧡', '🎁', '⚡', '🌞', '🎈', '❌', '✊', '👋', '😰', '🤨', '😶', '🤝', '🚶', '💰',
    '🍓', '💢', '🤟', '🙁', '🚨', '💨', '🤬', '✈', '🎀', '🍺', '🤓', '😙', '💟', '🌱', '😖', '👶',
    '🥴', '▶', '➡', '❓', '💎', '💸', '⬇', '😨', '🌚', '🦋', '😷', '🕺', '⚠', '🙅', '😟', '😵',
    '👎', '🤲', '🤠', '🤧', '📌', '🔵', '💅', '🧐', '🐾', '🍒', '😗', '🤑', '🌊', '🤯', '🐷', '☎',
    '💧', '😯', '💆', '👆', '🎤', '🙇', '🍑', '❄', '🌴', '💣', '🐸', '💌', '📍', '🥀', '🤢', '👅',
    '💡', '💩', '👐', '📸', '👻', '🤐', '🤮', '🎼', '🥵', '🚩', '🍎', '🍊', '👼', '💍', '📣', '🥂'
]
from_emoji = {emoji: "{0:02x}".format(i) for i, emoji in enumerate(to_emoji)}

def encode_address(hexadecimal_address):
    if len(hexadecimal_address) != 42 or not hexadecimal_address.startswith('0x'):
        return None
    return ''.join([to_emoji[int(hexadecimal_address[i:i+2], 16)] for i in range(2, 42, 2)])


def decode_address(emoji_address):
    # In python, these unicode characters all have a len() of 1
    if len(emoji_address) != 20:
        return None
    try:
        return '0x' + ''.join(from_emoji[emoji] for emoji in emoji_address)
    except IndexError:
        return None

Security Considerations

With the base256emoji encoding, addresses use half as many characters. The characters used are more distinguishable. This squares the difficulty of generating similar addresses, making address spoofing impractical.

Copyright

Citation

Please cite this document as:

William Morriss (@wjmelements), "ERC-7673: Distinguishable base256emoji Addresses [DRAFT]," Ethereum Improvement Proposals, no. 7673, April 2024. [Online serial]. Available: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7673.