EIP-7883: ModExp Gas Cost Increase

Increases cost of ModExp precompile

Abstract

This EIP is modifying the ModExp precompile pricing algorithm introduced in EIP-2565.

Motivation

There are cases where the ModExp precompile is underpriced for it’s resource consumption. By modifying the ModExp pricing formula these scenarios would be covered with minimal impact on real world applications. The target is to make ModExp at least as fast as EcRecover precompile in all cases.

Specification

Upon activation of this EIP, the gas cost of calling the precompile at address 0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000005 will be calculated as follows:

def calculate_multiplication_complexity(base_length, modulus_length):
    max_length = max(base_length, modulus_length)
    words = math.ceil(max_length / 8)
    multiplication_complexity = 16
    if max_length > 32: multiplication_complexity = 2 * words**2
    return multiplication_complexity

def calculate_iteration_count(exponent_length, exponent):
    iteration_count = 0
    if exponent_length <= 32 and exponent == 0: iteration_count = 0
    elif exponent_length <= 32: iteration_count = exponent.bit_length() - 1
    elif exponent_length > 32: iteration_count = (16 * (exponent_length - 32)) + ((exponent & (2**256 - 1)).bit_length() - 1)
    return max(iteration_count, 1)

def calculate_gas_cost(base_length, modulus_length, exponent_length, exponent):
    multiplication_complexity = calculate_multiplication_complexity(base_length, modulus_length)
    iteration_count = calculate_iteration_count(exponent_length, exponent)
    return max(500, math.floor(multiplication_complexity * iteration_count / 3))

Changes (with algorithm from EIP-2565):

1. Increase minimal price from 200 to 500

This part of the equation:

    return max(200, math.floor(multiplication_complexity * iteration_count / 3))

Is replaced by this:

    return max(500, math.floor(multiplication_complexity * iteration_count / 3))

2. Increase cost when exponent is larger than 32 bytes

This part of the equation:

    elif exponent_length > 32: iteration_count = (8 * (exponent_length - 32)) + ((exponent & (2**256 - 1)).bit_length() - 1)

Is replaced by this:

    elif exponent_length > 32: iteration_count = (16 * (exponent_length - 32)) + ((exponent & (2**256 - 1)).bit_length() - 1)

Multiplier 8 is replaced by 16.

3. Assume the minimal base / modulus length to be 32 and increase the cost when it is larger than 32 bytes

This part of the equation:

def calculate_multiplication_complexity(base_length, modulus_length):
    max_length = max(base_length, modulus_length)
    words = math.ceil(max_length / 8)
    return words**2

Is replaced by this:

def calculate_multiplication_complexity(base_length, modulus_length):
    max_length = max(base_length, modulus_length)
    words = math.ceil(max_length / 8)
    multiplication_complexity = 16
    if max_length > 32: multiplication_complexity = 2 * words**2
    return multiplication_complexity

Multiplication complexity is doubled if base or modulus is bigger than 32 bytes.

Rationale

After benchmarking the ModExp precompile, we identified certain scenarios that are underpriced and require repricing to ensure appropriate costs. Further research revealed that all underpriced edge cases can be addressed by adjusting the parameters in the current ModExp pricing formula. With these changes, the minimum cost for using the ModExp precompile will increase from 200 to 500 (a 150% increase), and the cost will scale higher when the base, modulus, or exponent exceed 32 bytes. These adjustments will ensure that the worst-performing edge cases of the ModExp precompile perform no worse than the EcRecover precompile.

Backwards Compatibility

This change is backwards incompatible. However, similar gas repricings have occurred multiple times in the Ethereum ecosystem, and their effects are well understood.

Test Cases

There are no changes to the underlying interface or arithmetic algorithms, so the existing test vectors can be reused. Below is a table with the updated test vectors:

Security Considerations

There are no security concerns since no new functionality is introduced or made cheaper. The primary consideration for this EIP is the risk of potentially overpriced ModExp scenarios.

Copyright

Copyright and related rights waived via CC0.

Citation

Please cite this document as:

Marcin Sobczak (@marcindsobczak), Marek Moraczyński (@MarekM25), Marcos Maceo (@stdevMac), "EIP-7883: ModExp Gas Cost Increase [DRAFT]," Ethereum Improvement Proposals, no. 7883, February 2025. [Online serial]. Available: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7883.