⚠️ Draft Standards Track: Core

EIP-7928: Block-Level Access Lists

Enforced block access lists with storage locations and state diffs

Authors	Toni Wahrstätter (@nerolation), Dankrad Feist (@dankrad), Francesco D`Amato (@fradamt), Jochem Brouwer (@jochem-brouwer), Ignacio Hagopian (@jsign)
Created	2025-03-31
Discussion Link	https://ethereum-magicians.org/t/eip-7928-block-level-access-lists/23337

Abstract
Motivation
Specification
Rationale
Backwards Compatibility
Security Considerations
- Validation Overhead
- Block Size
Copyright

Abstract

This EIP introduces Block-Level Access Lists (BALs) that record all accounts and storage locations accessed during block execution, along with their post-execution values. BALs enable parallel disk reads, parallel transaction validation, and executionless state updates.

Motivation

Transaction execution cannot be parallelized without knowing in advance which addresses and storage slots will be accessed. While EIP-2930 introduced optional transaction access lists, they are not enforced.

This proposal enforces access lists at the block level, enabling:

Parallel disk reads and transaction execution
State reconstruction without executing transactions
Reduced execution time to parallel IO + parallel EVM

Specification

Block Structure Modification

We introduce a new field to the block header:

class Header:
    # Existing fields
    ...
    
    block_access_list_hash: Hash32

The block body includes a BlockAccessList containing all account accesses and state changes.

SSZ Data Structures

BALs use SSZ encoding following the pattern: address -> field -> tx_index -> change.

# Type aliases using SSZ types
Address = Bytes20  # 20-byte Ethereum address
StorageKey = Bytes32  # 32-byte storage slot key  
StorageValue = Bytes32  # 32-byte storage value
CodeData = List[byte, MAX_CODE_SIZE]  # Variable-length contract bytecode
TxIndex = uint16  # Transaction index within block (max 65,535)
Balance = uint128  # Post-transaction balance in wei (16 bytes, sufficient for total ETH supply)
Nonce = uint64  # Account nonce

# Constants; chosen to support a 630m block gas limit
MAX_TXS = 30_000
MAX_SLOTS = 300_000
MAX_ACCOUNTS = 300_000
MAX_CODE_SIZE = 24_576  # Maximum contract bytecode size in bytes
MAX_CODE_CHANGES = 1

# Core change structures (no redundant keys)
class StorageChange(Container):
    """Single storage write: tx_index -> new_value"""
    tx_index: TxIndex
    new_value: StorageValue

class BalanceChange(Container):
    """Single balance change: tx_index -> post_balance"""
    tx_index: TxIndex
    post_balance: Balance

class NonceChange(Container):
    """Single nonce change: tx_index -> new_nonce"""
    tx_index: TxIndex
    new_nonce: Nonce

class CodeChange(Container):
    """Single code change: tx_index -> new_code"""
    tx_index: TxIndex
    new_code: CodeData

# Slot-level mapping (eliminates slot key redundancy)
class SlotChanges(Container):
    """All changes to a single storage slot"""
    slot: StorageKey
    changes: List[StorageChange, MAX_TXS]  # Only changes, no redundant slot

# Account-level mapping (groups all account changes)
class AccountChanges(Container):
    """
    All changes for a single account, grouped by field type.
    This eliminates address redundancy across different change types.
    """
    address: Address
    
    # Storage changes (slot -> [tx_index -> new_value])
    storage_changes: List[SlotChanges, MAX_SLOTS]
    
    # Read-only storage keys
    storage_reads: List[StorageKey, MAX_SLOTS]
    
    # Balance changes ([tx_index -> post_balance])
    balance_changes: List[BalanceChange, MAX_TXS]
    
    # Nonce changes ([tx_index -> new_nonce])
    nonce_changes: List[NonceChange, MAX_TXS]
    
    # Code changes ([tx_index -> new_code])
    code_changes: List[CodeChange, MAX_CODE_CHANGES]

# Block-level structure
class BlockAccessList(Container):
    """
    Block Access List
    """
    account_changes: List[AccountChanges, MAX_ACCOUNTS]

The BlockAccessList contains all addresses accessed during block execution:

Addresses with state changes (storage, balance, nonce, or code)
Addresses accessed without state changes (e.g., STATICCALL targets, BALANCE opcode targets)

Addresses with no state changes MUST still be included with empty change lists.

Ordering requirements:

Addresses: lexicographic (bytewise)
Storage keys: lexicographic within each account
Transaction indices: ascending within each change list

Storage writes include:

Value changes (different post-value than pre-value)
Zeroed slots (pre-value exists, post-value is zero)

Storage reads:

Slots accessed via SLOAD but not written
Slots written with unchanged values (SSTORE with same value)

Entries in an EIP-2930 access list MUST not automatically be included in the block_access_list - only addresses and storage slots that are actually touched or changed during execution are recorded.

Balance changes record post-transaction balances (uint128) for:

Transaction senders (gas + value)
Transaction recipients (value with value > 0)
Coinbase (rewards + fees)
SELFDESTRUCT/SENDALL beneficiaries
Withdrawal recipients (system withdrawals, EIP-4895)

Zero-value transfers: MUST NOT be recorded in balance_changes but addresses MUST be included with empty AccountChanges.

Code changes track post-transaction runtime bytecode for deployed/modified contracts and delegation indicators from EIP-7702.

Nonce changes record post-transaction nonces for EOA senders, contracts that performed a successful CREATE or CREATE2 operation, deployed contracts and EIP-7702 authorities.

Important Implementation Details

Edge Cases

SELFDESTRUCT/SENDALL: Beneficiary recorded as balance change
Accessed but unchanged: Include with empty changes (EXTCODEHASH, EXTCODESIZE, BALANCE, STATICCALL, etc. targets)
Zero-value transfers: Include address, omit from balance_changes
Gas refunds: Final balance of sender recorded after each transactions
Block rewards: Final balance of fee recipient recorded after each transactions
Exceptional halts: Final nonce and balance of sender and balance of fee recipient recorded after each transactions
Consensus layer withdrawals (EIP-4895): Recipients recorded with final balance after withdrawal
Pre-execution system contract calls: All state changes MUST use tx_index = len(transactions)
Post-execution system contract calls: All state changes MUST use tx_index = len(transactions) +1
EIP-2935 block hash: System contract storage diffs of the single updated storage slot in the ring buffer
EIP-4788 beacon root: System contract storage diffs of the two updated storage slots the ring buffer
EIP-7002 withdrawals: System contract storage diffs of the storage slots 0-3 (4 slots) after dequeuing call
EIP-7251 consolidations: System contract storage diffs of the storage slots 0-3 (4 slots) after dequeuing call

Concrete Example

Example block:

Pre-execution:

EIP-2935: Store parent hash at block hash contract (0x0000…0001)
EIP-7002: Omitted for simplicity.

Transactions:

Alice (0xaaaa…) sends 1 ETH to Bob (0xbbbb…), checks balance of 0x2222…
Charlie (0xcccc…) calls factory (0xffff…) deploying contract at 0xdddd…

Post-execution:

Withdrawal of 100 ETH to Eve (0xabcd…)
EIP-7002 and EIP-7251 omitted for simplicity.

Note: Pre-execution system contract uses tx_index = 2 (len(transactions)) Post-execution withdrawal uses tx_index = 3 (len(transactions) + 1)

Resulting BAL:

BlockAccessList(
    account_changes=[
        # Addresses are sorted lexicographically
        AccountChanges(
            address=0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001,  # Block hash contract (EIP-2935)
            storage_changes=[
                SlotChanges(
                    slot=b'\x00...\x0f\xa0',  # slot = (block.number - 1) % 8191
                    changes=[
                        StorageChange(tx_index=2, new_value=b'...')  # Parent hash, pre-execution
                    ]
                )
            ],
            storage_reads=[],
            balance_changes=[],
            nonce_changes=[],
            code_changes=[]
        ),
        AccountChanges(
            address=0x2222...,  # Address checked by Alice via BALANCE opcode
            storage_changes=[],
            storage_reads=[],
            balance_changes=[],  # No balance change, just checked
            nonce_changes=[],
            code_changes=[]
        ),
        AccountChanges(
            address=0xaaaa...,  # Alice (sender tx 0)
            storage_changes=[],
            storage_reads=[],
            balance_changes=[BalanceChange(tx_index=0, post_balance=0x...29a241a)],  # After gas + 1 ETH sent
            nonce_changes=[NonceChange(tx_index=0, new_nonce=10)],
            code_changes=[]
        ),
        AccountChanges(
            address=0xabcd...,  # Eve (withdrawal recipient)
            storage_changes=[],
            storage_reads=[],
            balance_changes=[BalanceChange(tx_index=3, post_balance=0x...5f5e100)],  # 100 ETH withdrawal
            nonce_changes=[],
            code_changes=[]
        ),
        AccountChanges(
            address=0xbbbb...,  # Bob (recipient tx 0)
            storage_changes=[],
            storage_reads=[],
            balance_changes=[BalanceChange(tx_index=0, post_balance=0x...b9aca00)],  # +1 ETH
            nonce_changes=[],
            code_changes=[]
        ),
        AccountChanges(
            address=0xcccc...,  # Charlie (sender tx 1)
            storage_changes=[],
            storage_reads=[],
            balance_changes=[BalanceChange(tx_index=1, post_balance=0x...bc16d67)],  # After gas
            nonce_changes=[NonceChange(tx_index=1, new_nonce=5)],
            code_changes=[]
        ),
        AccountChanges(
            address=0xdddd...,  # Deployed contract
            storage_changes=[],
            storage_reads=[],
            balance_changes=[],
            nonce_changes=[NonceChange(tx_index=1, new_nonce=1)],  # New contract nonce
            code_changes=[CodeChange(tx_index=1, new_code=b'\x60\x80\x60\x40...')]
        ),
        AccountChanges(
            address=0xeeee...,  # Coinbase
            storage_changes=[],
            storage_reads=[],
            balance_changes=[
                BalanceChange(tx_index=0, post_balance=0x...05f5e1),  # After tx 0 fees
                BalanceChange(tx_index=1, post_balance=0x...0bebc2)   # After tx 1 fees + reward
            ],
            nonce_changes=[],
            code_changes=[]
        ),
        AccountChanges(
            address=0xffff...,  # Factory contract
            storage_changes=[
                SlotChanges(
                    slot=b'\x00...\x01',  # Storage slot 1
                    changes=[
                        StorageChange(tx_index=1, new_value=b'\x00...\xdd\xdd...')  # Deployed address
                    ]
                )
            ],
            storage_reads=[],
            balance_changes=[],
            nonce_changes=[NonceChange(tx_index=1, new_nonce=5)],  # After CREATE
            code_changes=[]
        )
    ]
)

SSZ-encoded and compressed: ~400-500 bytes.

State Transition Function

Modify the state transition function to validate the block-level access lists:

def validate_bal(block):
    # Collect all state accesses and changes during block execution
    collected_accesses = {}
    
    # Process pre-execution system contracts (parent hashes, beacon roots)
    pre_exec_tx_index = len(block.transactions)
    process_system_contracts_pre(block, collected_accesses, pre_exec_tx_index)
    
    # Execute transactions and track all state accesses
    for tx_index, tx in enumerate(block.transactions):
        execute_and_track(tx, tx_index, collected_accesses)
    
    # Process withdrawals after all transactions
    post_exec_tx_index = len(block.transactions) + 1
    for withdrawal in block.withdrawals:
        apply_withdrawal(withdrawal)
        track_withdrawal_changes(withdrawal, post_exec_tx_index, collected_accesses)
    
    # Process post-execution system contracts (EIP-7002, EIP-7251)
    process_system_contracts_post(block, collected_accesses, post_exec_tx_index)
    
    # Build BAL from collected data
    computed_bal = build_bal_from_accesses(collected_accesses)
    
    # Validate the BAL matches
    assert block.bal_hash == compute_bal_hash(computed_bal)

def execute_and_track(tx, tx_index, collected_accesses):
    # Execute transaction and get all touched addresses
    touched_addresses = execute_transaction(tx)
    
    for addr in touched_addresses:
        if addr not in collected_accesses:
            collected_accesses[addr] = {
                'storage_writes': {},  # slot -> [(tx_index, value)]
                'storage_reads': set(),
                'balance_changes': [],
                'nonce_changes': [],
                'code_changes': []
            }
        
        # Record storage accesses
        for slot, value in get_storage_writes(addr).items():
            if slot not in collected_accesses[addr]['storage_writes']:
                collected_accesses[addr]['storage_writes'][slot] = []
            collected_accesses[addr]['storage_writes'][slot].append((tx_index, value))
        
        # Record read-only storage accesses
        for slot in get_storage_reads(addr):
            if slot not in collected_accesses[addr]['storage_writes']:
                collected_accesses[addr]['storage_reads'].add(slot)
        
        # Record balance change if any
        if balance_changed(addr):
            collected_accesses[addr]['balance_changes'].append((tx_index, get_balance(addr)))
        
        # Record nonce change if any
        if nonce_changed(addr):
            collected_accesses[addr]['nonce_changes'].append((tx_index, get_nonce(addr)))
        
        # Record code change if any
        if code_changed(addr):
            collected_accesses[addr]['code_changes'].append((tx_index, get_code(addr)))

def track_withdrawal_changes(withdrawal, tx_index, collected_accesses):
    addr = withdrawal.address
    if addr not in collected_accesses:
        collected_accesses[addr] = {
            'storage_writes': {}, 'storage_reads': set(),
            'balance_changes': [], 'nonce_changes': [], 'code_changes': []
        }
    # Record post-withdrawal balance
    collected_accesses[addr]['balance_changes'].append((tx_index, get_balance(addr)))
    
def build_bal_from_accesses(collected_accesses):
    account_changes_list = []
    
    for addr, data in collected_accesses.items():
        storage_changes = [
            SlotChanges(slot=slot, changes=[StorageChange(tx_index=idx, new_value=val) 
                                           for idx, val in sorted(changes)])
            for slot, changes in data['storage_writes'].items()
        ]
        
        # Include pure reads and unchanged writes (excluded from storage_writes)
        storage_reads = [slot for slot in data['storage_reads'] 
                        if slot not in data['storage_writes']]
        
        account_changes_list.append(AccountChanges(
            address=addr,
            storage_changes=sorted(storage_changes, key=lambda x: x.slot),
            storage_reads=sorted(storage_reads, key=lambda x: x.slot),
            balance_changes=[BalanceChange(tx_index=idx, post_balance=bal) 
                           for idx, bal in sorted(data['balance_changes'])],
            nonce_changes=[NonceChange(tx_index=idx, new_nonce=nonce) 
                         for idx, nonce in sorted(data['nonce_changes'])],
            code_changes=[CodeChange(tx_index=idx, new_code=code) 
                        for idx, code in sorted(data['code_changes'])]
        ))
    
    return BlockAccessList(account_changes=sorted(account_changes_list, key=lambda x: x.address))

def process_system_contracts_pre(block, collected_accesses, tx_index):
    # Pre-execution system contracts (parent hashes, beacon roots)
    
    # EIP-2935: Historical block hashes

    addr = '0x0000000000000000000000000000000000000001'
    slot = (block.number - 1) % 8191
    record_storage_write(addr, slot, block.parent_hash, tx_index, collected_accesses)
    
    # EIP-4788: Beacon block root
    addr = '0x000F3df6D732807Ef1319fB7B8bB8522d0Beac02'
    timestamp_slot = (block.timestamp % 8192) + 8192
    root_slot = block.timestamp % 8192
    record_storage_write(addr, timestamp_slot, block.timestamp, tx_index, collected_accesses)
    record_storage_write(addr, root_slot, block.parent_beacon_block_root, tx_index, collected_accesses)

def process_system_contracts_post(block, collected_accesses, tx_index):
    # Post-execution system contracts (withdrawals, consolidations)
    
    # EIP-7002: Execution layer triggered withdrawals
    if is_prague_fork():
        track_contract_changes('0x00A3ca265EBcb825B45F985A16CEFB49958cE017', tx_index, collected_accesses)
    
    # EIP-7251: Consolidation requests  
    if is_prague_fork():
        track_contract_changes('0x00b42dbF2194e931E80326D950320f7d9Dbeac02', tx_index, collected_accesses)

def track_contract_changes(addr, tx_index, collected_accesses):
    """Track all storage changes for a system contract"""
    for slot, value in get_storage_changes(addr).items():
        record_storage_write(addr, slot, value, tx_index, collected_accesses)

def record_storage_write(addr, slot, value, tx_index, collected_accesses):
    if addr not in collected_accesses:
        collected_accesses[addr] = {
            'storage_writes': {}, 'storage_reads': set(),
            'balance_changes': [], 'nonce_changes': [], 'code_changes': []
        }
    if slot not in collected_accesses[addr]['storage_writes']:
        collected_accesses[addr]['storage_writes'][slot] = []
    collected_accesses[addr]['storage_writes'][slot].append((tx_index, value))

The BAL MUST be complete and accurate. Missing or spurious entries invalidate the block.

Clients MUST validate by comparing execution-gathered accesses (per EIP-2929) with the BAL.

Clients MAY invalidate immediately if any transaction exceeds declared state.

Rationale

BAL Design Choice

This design variant was chosen for several key reasons:

Size vs parallelization: BALs include all accessed addresses (even unchanged) for complete parallel execution. Omitting read values reduces size while maintaining parallelization benefits.
Storage values for writes: Post-execution values enable state reconstruction during sync without individual proofs against state root.
Overhead analysis: Historical data shows ~40 KiB average BAL size.
Transaction independence: 60-80% of transactions access disjoint storage slots, enabling effective parallelization.
SSZ encoding: Enables efficient Merkle proofs for light clients. SSZ BAL embedded as opaque bytes in RLP block for compatibility.

Block Size Considerations

Block size impact (historical analysis):

Average: ~40 KiB (compressed)
Balance diffs: ~4.5 KiB (compressed)
Storage diffs: ~33.88 KiB (compressed)
Nonce diffs: ~0.02 KiB (compressed)
Code diffs: ~0.6 KiB (compressed)
Worst-case (36m gas): ~0.93 MiB
Worst-case balance diffs: ~0.12 MiB

Smaller than current worst-case calldata blocks.

An empirical analysis has been done here.

Asynchronous Validation

BAL verification occurs alongside parallel IO and EVM operations without delaying block processing.

Backwards Compatibility

This proposal requires changes to the block structure that are not backwards compatible and require a hard fork.

Security Considerations

Validation Overhead

Validating access lists and balance diffs adds validation overhead but is essential to prevent acceptance of invalid blocks.

Block Size

Increased block size impacts propagation but overhead (~40 KiB average) is reasonable for performance gains.

Copyright

Citation

Please cite this document as:

Toni Wahrstätter (@nerolation), Dankrad Feist (@dankrad), Francesco D`Amato (@fradamt), Jochem Brouwer (@jochem-brouwer), Ignacio Hagopian (@jsign), "EIP-7928: Block-Level Access Lists [DRAFT]," Ethereum Improvement Proposals, no. 7928, March 2025. [Online serial]. Available: https://eips.ethereum.org/EIPS/eip-7928.