EIP-7976 Empirical Report (64/64 Pricing at the Floor)
The following represents a summary with empirical findings from analyzing EIP-7976’s impact on transactions.
Date: January, 2026
Dataset
- Period: 150 days of Ethereum mainnet data (August 2025 - January 2026)
- Blocks analyzed: 1,080,000 blocks
- Total transactions: 245,624,335
Overall Impact Metrics
Transaction Impact Summary
| Metric |
Value |
| Total unaffected transactions |
240,588,721 (97.95%) |
| Total affected transactions |
5,035,614 (2.05%) |
| Transactions already affected by EIP-7623 |
2,093,004 (0.85%) |
| New transactions affected by EIP-7976 only |
2,942,610 (1.20%) |
| EIP-7623 overlap percentage |
41.6% |
Address Distribution
| Metric |
Value |
| Unique affected senders |
636,577 |
| Unique affected recipients |
521,874 |
| Avg transactions per affected sender |
7.91 |
| Avg transactions per affected recipient |
9.65 |
Gas Usage Analysis (Affected Transactions)
Basic Gas Metrics
| Metric |
Value |
| Mean gas used |
140,959 |
| Median gas used |
38,031 |
| Average calldata bytes |
3,460 |
| Average zero bytes |
1,883 |
| Average non-zero bytes |
1,577 |
Most Affected Senders
Top 30 Senders by Additional Cost Impact
| Rank |
Address |
Transactions |
Total Cost Increase (gas) |
Avg Cost/Tx |
Etherscan Link |
| 1 |
0x54b839d988c9e712cd36cbf7c95dedc2b9f9ae6c |
44,296 |
100,215,386,242 |
2,262,402 |
View |
| 2 |
0xcbe6fbf5e3c427013688e04d0fde56705890c4be |
27,031 |
93,199,568,422 |
3,447,877 |
View |
| 3 |
0xe08cdadd44440e32ef153956a7ec40804a32dd74 |
3,360 |
24,782,661,408 |
7,375,792 |
View |
| 4 |
0xc17ea94008d5a8ee86f120e092cd35a679166416 |
59,548 |
12,647,040,432 |
212,383 |
View |
| 5 |
0x148ee7daf16574cd020afa34cc658f8f3fbd2800 |
4,409 |
11,475,576,948 |
2,602,761 |
View |
| 6 |
0x16f09b37b20bfbb07130bba8226299926e39b488 |
14,598 |
9,858,634,629 |
675,341 |
View |
| 7 |
0x6860c4ee678d847ae67771f2e5eea96ccb7fdf8d |
81,588 |
8,129,909,932 |
99,645 |
View |
| 8 |
0xf4ceb19b2467ef784b5e83b863418c50997b1646 |
18,119 |
7,588,481,162 |
418,813 |
View |
| 9 |
0x646c4fbdf82b5766c5eaf1fab9a8927fb5992d38 |
118,451 |
7,384,356,334 |
62,341 |
View |
| 10 |
0x0373b1ed3b9e601bb8b17afde70b0ccab76a981d |
158,514 |
7,277,663,018 |
45,911 |
View |
| 11 |
0xe2da046340e00264c4f0443243a0565007ae08ac |
3,944 |
5,940,541,350 |
1,506,222 |
View |
| 12 |
0xa7ec2be4ed79ef315b4301aeca424a2dfdeaf09a |
65,856 |
5,616,659,491 |
85,286 |
View |
| 13 |
0x7835fb36a8143a014a2c381363cd1a4dee586d2a |
2,887 |
5,601,056,603 |
1,940,095 |
View |
| 14 |
0xf2099c4783921f44ac988b67e743daefd4a00efd |
1,436 |
4,201,896,151 |
2,926,111 |
View |
| 15 |
0x7804405f18e134c3c47d71ae02eb454d25722d88 |
678 |
4,153,379,856 |
6,125,928 |
View |
| 16 |
0xfe9dcec48761d2826e3e3d95597462dfb281db79 |
48,221 |
4,047,228,659 |
83,930 |
View |
| 17 |
0x1346d9c6315f6c23fe280b49ef215aebd49338b2 |
6,211 |
3,673,122,501 |
591,389 |
View |
| 18 |
0x5f62d006c10c009ff50c878cd6157ac861c99990 |
7,952 |
3,655,219,300 |
459,660 |
View |
| 19 |
0x3f773dc3ccc70b3d2a549713ac8d556af949d4e8 |
1,323 |
3,653,595,781 |
2,761,599 |
View |
| 20 |
0xc8a5849a02ad01b572a0108aebf5a0d27777a552 |
63,707 |
3,484,943,560 |
54,702 |
View |
| 21 |
0x30c2f77eaa93aace5e56ea4dcba5f21f794b58be |
687 |
3,326,641,119 |
4,842,272 |
View |
| 22 |
0xcbeb5d484b54498d3893a0c3eb790331962e9e9d |
7,602 |
2,716,498,081 |
357,339 |
View |
| 23 |
0xd312535f0104a45ebd16cd29756fe9e6f8fe633c |
42,892 |
2,461,082,112 |
57,378 |
View |
| 24 |
0xb947d63b578fb48233de4076407dd0498dcf36ab |
584 |
2,431,099,134 |
4,162,840 |
View |
| 25 |
0x1c9a7a489f62a75e276d3790ba92aaf12af13469 |
6,923 |
2,145,392,271 |
309,893 |
View |
| 26 |
0xf3d021d51a725f5dbdce253248e826a8644be3c1 |
3,693 |
2,063,909,478 |
558,870 |
View |
| 27 |
0x2b4820042fe6a5b8ab01b29ede19203181d625fa |
18,285 |
1,880,349,910 |
102,835 |
View |
| 28 |
0xf6309d5a91fa559cbf8f6ff3c5ec8fb67fe38577 |
628 |
1,830,917,976 |
2,915,474 |
View |
| 29 |
0x000cb000e880a92a8f383d69da2142a969b93de7 |
5,223 |
1,787,396,594 |
342,216 |
View |
| 30 |
0x785cd82bb016c740d41ca9e0b1bacc3a2439dc0d |
23,798 |
1,666,264,939 |
70,017 |
View |
Key Observations
- Top single address (0x54b839d988c9e712cd36cbf7c95dedc2b9f9ae6c) accounts for 19.6% of all additional costs with 44,296 transactions
- Highest volume address (0x0373b1ed3b9e601bb8b17afde70b0ccab76a981d) has 158,514 affected transactions but only 45,911 gas average increase per transaction
- Highest per-transaction impact (0xe08cdadd44440e32ef153956a7ec40804a32dd74) shows 7.4M gas average increase per transaction
Cost Impact
| Metric |
Value |
| Mean cost increase per transaction |
101,489.08 gas units |
| Median cost increase per transaction |
11,444 gas units |
Address Concentration Analysis
Transaction Distribution
| Address Group |
Count |
Percentage |
| 1 affected transaction |
388,216 |
60.98% |
| ≤10 affected transactions |
611,619 |
96.08% |
| ≤50 affected transactions |
632,916 |
99.43% |
| ≤100 affected transactions |
634,730 |
99.71% |
| ≤200 affected transactions |
635,491 |
99.83% |
| ≤400 affected transactions |
635,926 |
99.90% |
Transaction Volume Concentration
| Top Addresses |
% of Affected Transactions |
| Top 10 |
26.79% |
| Top 20 |
33.47% |
| Top 30 |
37.17% |
| Top 40 |
39.70% |
| Top 50 |
41.76% |
Transaction Volume by Percentiles
| Address Percentile |
% of Affected Transactions |
| Top 10% |
47.70% |
| Top 20% |
54.00% |
| Top 30% |
56.74% |
| Top 40% |
58.57% |
| Top 50% |
59.92% |
Cost Impact Concentration
| Top Addresses |
% of Additional Costs |
| Top 10 |
55.28% |
| Top 20 |
63.90% |
| Top 30 |
68.26% |
| Top 40 |
71.15% |
| Top 50 |
73.64% |
Cost Impact by Percentiles
| Address Percentile |
% of Additional Costs |
| Top 1% |
91.44% |
| Top 10% |
97.31% |
| Top 20% |
98.75% |
| Top 30% |
99.40% |
| Top 40% |
99.72% |
| Top 50% |
99.87% |
Method Analysis
Top 20 Affected Function Selectors
| Rank |
Function Selector |
Transactions |
Total Cost Increase |
Avg Cost/Tx |
Method Name |
| 1 |
0x5578ceae |
28,355 |
94,835,044,230 |
3,343,786 |
registerContinuousMemoryPage(…) |
| 2 |
0x538f9406 |
27,826 |
93,972,171,674 |
3,377,149 |
updateState(uint256[],uint256[]) |
| 3 |
0x87201b41 |
70,794 |
26,600,051,568 |
375,772 |
fulfillAvailableAdvancedOrders(…) |
| 4 |
0x5e10b3f0 |
379,355 |
22,244,424,770 |
58,646 |
workMyDirefulOwner(uint256,uint256) |
| 5 |
0xfd9f1e10 |
191,576 |
18,205,559,712 |
95,012 |
cancel(…) |
| 6 |
0xf074ba62 |
3,827 |
9,634,717,355 |
2,517,565 |
verifyCheckpointProofs(…) |
| 7 |
0x09c5eabe |
42,105 |
8,765,393,130 |
208,186 |
execute(bytes) |
| 8 |
0x6fadcf72 |
72,208 |
5,516,170,528 |
76,366 |
forward(address,bytes) |
| 9 |
0xe85a6a28 |
16,654 |
4,985,983,858 |
299,377 |
verifyFRI(…) |
| 10 |
0x415e2848 |
74,876 |
3,076,701,516 |
41,091 |
swap_6269342730() |
| 11 |
0x3fe317a6 |
7,137 |
2,743,013,450 |
384,350 |
verifyMerkle(…) |
| 12 |
0x55944a42 |
35,064 |
2,610,534,480 |
74,445 |
matchAdvancedOrders(…) |
| 13 |
0x82ad56cb |
19,638 |
2,582,341,458 |
131,491 |
aggregate3((address,bool,bytes)[]) |
| 14 |
0xe7acab24 |
25,484 |
2,080,247,964 |
81,621 |
fulfillAdvancedOrder(…) |
| 15 |
0x13d79a0b |
21,713 |
1,555,462,876 |
71,652 |
settleOrders(bytes) |
| 16 |
0xbb2f45e1 |
4,214 |
1,061,775,096 |
251,964 |
submitV1(…) |
| 17 |
0x64971c46 |
13,972 |
1,002,671,000 |
71,750 |
swap(…) |
| 18 |
0x4c2c47bd |
630 |
931,755,480 |
1,478,976 |
bulkRegisterValidator(…) |
Key Methods by Category
Zero-Knowledge Proof Systems
- registerContinuousMemoryPage: 28,355 txs, avg 3,343,786 gas increase
- updateState: 27,826 txs, avg 3,377,149 gas increase
- verifyCheckpointProofs: 3,827 txs, avg 2,517,565 gas increase
- verifyFRI: 16,654 txs, avg 299,377 gas increase
- verifyMerkle: 7,137 txs, avg 384,350 gas increase
NFT Marketplace Operations
- fulfillAvailableAdvancedOrders: 70,794 txs, avg 375,772 gas increase
- matchAdvancedOrders: 35,064 txs, avg 74,445 gas increase
- fulfillAdvancedOrder: 25,484 txs, avg 81,621 gas increase
- cancel: 191,576 txs, avg 95,012 gas increase
Multi-signature/Proxy Operations
- forward: 72,208 txs, avg 76,366 gas increase
- execute: 42,105 txs, avg 208,186 gas increase
- aggregate3: 19,638 txs, avg 131,491 gas increase
EIP-7623 Interaction Analysis
Linear Cost Increase
The analysis reveals that 41.6% of transactions affected by EIP-7976 are already impacted by EIP-7623. This means:
- 2,093,004 transactions (0.85% of all transactions) will experience linear cost increases as calldata pricing moves from EIP-7623 rates to EIP-7976 rates
- 2,942,610 transactions (1.20% of all transactions) represent new impact from EIP-7976
Pricing Structure Comparison
| Byte Type |
Current |
EIP-7623 |
EIP-7976 |
7623→7976 Increase |
| Zero bytes |
4 gas |
10 gas |
64 gas |
+54 gas (540%) |
| Non-zero bytes |
16 gas |
40 gas |
64 gas |
+24 gas (60%) |
Key Findings
-
High Concentration: Cost impact is extremely concentrated with top 1% of addresses responsible for 91.44% of additional costs
-
EIP-7623 Linear Escalation: A significant portion of affected transactions (41.6%) will see linear cost increases from existing EIP-7623 pricing
-
Address Distribution: 60.98% of affected addresses have only 1 affected transaction, indicating diverse but minimal user impact
-
Methods: Impact is dominated by zero-knowledge proof operations and NFT marketplace operations, with additional impact from multi-signature/proxy operations
-
Cost Variance: Median increase (11,444 gas) vs mean increase (101,489.08 gas) shows high variance in impact severity
-
Broader Impact: With 64/64 pricing, 2.05% of transactions are affected (vs 1.48% with 15/60 pricing), representing a 38.5% increase in affected transaction count